Dr Manju Antil (Counselling Psychologist and Psychotherapist)

The current research area of migration is resourceful and offers multiple levels of analysis. According to Portes (1999) there are four different questions that have been investigated in the field and they are:

i.                        The starting point of migrants

ii.                        The direction and permanence of migrant flow

iii.                        The consumption of migrant labour

iv.                         Socio-cultural adjustment of migrants.

All of these areas can be studied at different levels by using different tools and by paying individual attention. One or two of these areas are targeted by ‘mid-range theories that are omnipresent than all surrounding statements. Though in the words of Arango 2000 and Massey 1999, to formulate a theory that can easily explain all these four aspects of migration is the ultimate aim of migration theory formation.

Arango in 2000 narrated that at present in the area of migration determination research, there are a multiplicity of theoretical models or perspectives which utilize changing assumptions, concepts, designs and levels of analyses.In the viewpoint of Arango 2000 and castles 2008a as the preponderance of these theoretical models be evolved from precise experimental observations, often they developed in seclusion and are detached by disciplinary boundaries. Massey et al. (1993), Todaro and Smith (2006), Faist (2000) and Portes (1999) in Modern migration literature contended that even though these hypothetical approaches propose diverse hypotheses, there is no need to be taken as jointly exclusive, but rather as complementary.

Neoclassical theory of migration:

 Neoclassical theory expressed that movement is dictated by geographic dissimilarities in labour conveying and request, resultant differentials in income between work rich verses capital-rich nations. The most fundamental model that was produced to depict the procedure of relocation of monetary advancement in progress of Hicks (1932), Lewis (1954) and Harris and Todaro (1970) features that movement comes about because of positive pay differentials crosswise over business sectors or nations that rise up out of heterogeneous degrees of work advertise snugness. Bauer and Zimmermann (1999) Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E. (1993)  and Borjas (2008) portrayed that the key approach of the neoclassical approach concentrated on salary. Under the likelihood of full business, the neo-traditional approach predicts a straight relationship among compensation differentials and bearing in which movement streams. The neoclassical hypothesis of movement has been liable to an idea that can basically survey and have rich experimental testing. Definitely, it has been seen as mechanically diminishing relocation determinants, overlooking business sector flaws, homogenizing transients and vagrant social orders and being authentic and static.

Human capital theory of migration:

Todaro (1969) stated that neoclassical full-scale level elaboration can be exchanged to the small-scale level model of individual decision and has been named the human capital hypothesis of relocation. The human capital hypothesis was acquainted by Sajjad supplement with the neoclassical system by consolidating the socio-statistic attributes of the person as an essential determinant of movement at the smaller scale level. At the focal point of such investigations is a sensible individual who moves with the arrangement of amplifies his or her repayment and picks up. Human capital inheritance, capacity, age, marital position, sexual class, calling, and work advertise status and also first decision and viewpoints effectively control who moves and who does not. The human capital hypothesis has been denounced for exhibiting a too much uplifting viewpoint of movement which isn't generally a purposeful technique to expand pick up.

A new economic theory of migration

As indicated by Stark (1991) the new financial hypothesis of relocation (NEM) assumption has come to manage a portion of the suppositions of the neoclassical approach, offering another level of examination and distinctive nature of movement determinants and it moved the focal point of relocation inquire about from singular freedom to shared relationship. The key contention is that the choices of relocation are not taken by the hostile individual player but rather typically by family or families. Moreover, the decision of transients is partial by a colossal arrangement of a factor that is framed by conditions in the home country.

World-systems theory

In the past basic way to deal with movement start to a great degree various plan to comprehend the procedure of relocation. In the expressions of Wallerstein (1974), the world frameworks hypothesis relates the determinants of movement to the basic change in world markets and investigation migration as a motivation behind globalization, the enhanced association of economies and the rise of new types of generation. This hypothesis expresses that the capital and work versatility are interconnected and both are two sides of the same coin.

Dual labour market theory

Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E. (1993)  expressed that Dual work advertises hypothesis, similar to world framework hypothesis, not simply partner's the movement to auxiliary change in the budgetary framework yet; in addition, portray relocation elements with the request side. Double work advertises the hypothesis was surrounded by Piore in 1979 that set forward a bifurcated business-related structure and a double plan of monetary relationship in cutting-edge economies. Duality opens out by the side of the lines of two sorts of relationship in the budgetary framework, that is capital-escalated where in collaboration prepared and untrained work is the adventure, and work through where untrained work triumphs. The hypothesis contends that movement is driven by states of work request as opposed to supplying: the character of the economy in cutting-edge nations makes interest for low-gifted occupations which household labourers decline to take up due status. The hypothesis avoids sending nations and overemphasizes formal enlistment hones.

Network concepts – the perpetuation of migration

As indicated by Massey et al. in 1993 the system hypothesis of movement does not take a gander at the variables that decide the starting point of movement of relocation, while it centres on what sustains relocation in time and space. Institutional systems that are created from movement systems, gives clarification why relocation is persistent notwithstanding when wage differentials and enlistment strategies stop to exist. Vertovec (2002), Dustmann and Glitz (2005) portrayed that the survival of a system is probably going to impact the judgments of vagrants when they select their goals. The system hypothesis is additionally useful to clarify the reasons why movement designs are not reliably scattered crosswise over nations, but instead how they tend to frame supposed relocation associations (Faist 2000). System hypothesis is specifically associated with a disparate approach called as relocation frameworks hypothesis, set up by Magobunje (1970).

Ravenstein Law:

An empiricist namely Ravenstein formulated laws of migration. The most significant and reliable statements of Ravenstein Laws are:

·         Almost all migrants move only a short distance.

·         Most of the migrants moved from agricultural to industrial areas.

·         Major industrial and commercial centres are responsible for long-distance migration.

·         Migration doesn’t occur in a single-stage, while it occurs in a series of stages.

·         Ravenstein again stated that over short distances females are more migratory than males. But in the area of long-distance migration male dominates than their counterparts.

·         The the dominance of females was observed in Internal migration whereas the aspect of international migration was dominated by males.

Theory of intervening obstacles:

This theory was advocated by Stouffer. According to this theory, there are certain factors that are involved in the process of migration. Factors linked with the process of migration are both positive and negative.

·                     Intervening obstacles.

·                     Personal factors

These factors are omnipresent, but their effectiveness varies from place to place. E.g. Education is a a favourable and positive factor for those parents who are interested in educating their kids, but for those who are not interested in the education of their kids ‘Education’ is not an essential factor for migration.

Migration Zone Theory: