Dr Manju Antil (Counselling Psychologist and Psychotherapist)

Henry Smith (1961) in a conclusive statement stated that a good adjustment is one that is both realistic and satisfactory. At least in the long run it reduces to a minimum the frustrations, tensions and anxieties which a person must endure. In other words, we can say that adjustment is a state of consistency arrived by a person whom we call “well adjusted”. Moreover, adjustment means achievement and which further means how efficiently a person can execute his duties in different circumstances. 

1. Needs: Needs are such internal and external conditions that are manifested in behaviour and continuous till the balance is established. Need is an experience of break-in balance deprivation of loss of something. Such experience produces tension and is continuous till the needs are satisfied. The satisfaction of needs gives relief to the individual. Needs are the personal experience of physical or mental deprivation e.g. the need of hunger is a loss of the quantity of food in the body and it leads to the behaviour of satisfaction of hunger. Need produces dissatisfaction or tension consequently the goal which reduces such tension or dissatisfaction is given priority. e.g., a Hungry person seeks food and an isolated person seeks company. If the hungry person gets company instead of food, he becomes disturbed. So the activities and concerning needs become goal-directed and selective.

2.  Frustration: Due to some forces, when the individual gets total failure in the satisfaction of needs, he feels a sense of defeat. Such a sense of defeat is frustration. The results of frustration are unsure. It makes individuals insulate, aimless and avoidance of reality or it is a challenge to his personality and prepares them to make more efforts for the achievement of goals. Kretch &Kruch, Field states that when the progress of goal achievement has interfered with and tension is not calmed, such a mental condition is frustration. Frustration affects personality and adjustment processes psychologists have proved it. A psychologist name Heal conducted an experiment on white rats the result revealed that frustration tolerance increases in some rats due to childhood experience and they could adjust with the environment the frustration tolerance increased with the increases in age. The following three ways are enough for proper adjustment in the environment:

Control the situations which produce frustration.

Avoid the situation that produces frustration.

Remove the frustration by behaviour

Interpersonal Relationships:

All the social relation involves the relationship between two or more persons. Our behaviour influences others and in turn, others behaviour affect our behaviour. We can understand the importance of interaction when there is a complete absence of interaction. There are five factors of interaction.

·                     Expression

·                     Feedback

·                     Social expectation

·                     Role behaviour

·                     Mutual satisfaction

The Knowledge of Ways of Adjustment:

When the personal adjustment becomes difficult, it demands insight/skill. As the individual becomes a trainee social and personal adjustment becomes satisfactory and developing. In personal adjustment, the individuals must learn to establish relations with others and satisfy his needs in the present situation. So it is necessary to have the knowledge of psychological approaches to adjustment, knowledge about self and others and understanding the problems of life.

How to achieve good adjustment is a problem for every person but all his techniques do not become effective and successful. Anxious person tries to forget his anxiety by involving in drugs will not achieve success in adjustment. Such attempts of adjustments are not proper. The attempts of adjustment are not proper. The attempts of adjustment depend on following three insights.

Insight About self: The mystery of adjustment lies in knowing oneself. An individual should know himself. That means he must have proper insight for good adjustment one should recognize his abilities and limitations. Firstly all individuals should know their problems and secondly self-analysis which gives insight into the dilution of problems. In this way individuals find many possibilities of the solution of his problems instead of one possible solution. Third thing is that we must aware of our place in the society. Our social existence is a network of interrelation and mutual relations. Therefore to know our self, we must know others well.

Insight about others: Well adjusted s not selfish. He tries to satisfy his needs but not at the cost of others. He resolves his problems but not yet by increasing the problems of others. Thus individual should be aware of others needs and feelings. He can understand when others require his help, sympathy, friendship etc. In this way relation with others become intimate and deep.

The insight about the problem: The insight about the problems means the nature of problem and the situation in which the problem is to be solved. By knowing about the problem, the individual can recognize the seriousness of the problem and he can examine the problem from a different point of view by using proper tools to achieve the goals.

Sometime we often heard proclamations that “somebody doesn’t adjust to circumstance” or “somebody faces a crisis in adjustment”. So often, a question arising to mind, what is an adjustment and how the adjustment affects life? Adjustment is an essential characteristic required to live peacefully on this planet. In other words, we can say that adjustment is the procedure of arriving at an equitable state among the need of individual and their satisfaction. School and home play a crucial role in the adjustment of an individual.

Originally the concept of Adjustment was taken from biology and the concept of adjustment was a cornerstone in Darwin’s theory of evolution. But in biology the term usually employed was adaptation. According to biologists, only those organisms can survive who adopts to the hazards of the physical world. Richard S . Lazarus narrates that the concept of adaption has been borrowed by the psychologist and renamed as adjustment.

1. Adjustment is a continuous process: Adjustment attained in the current state becomes stable is not true, as the condition and state of affairs modified, the person has to make conscious attempts e.g. in the preliminary phase of marriage, the husband and wife acquired identical habits and tendencies of adjustment but when the child arrives in the family, they have to transform their old habits of adjustment. For example, there are a lot of conflicted situations after the marriage, especially fear of separation in the mind of parents and in such changing situation if members of the family do not adopt. There would be quarrels in the family.

2. Adjustment is not one-sided process: It is not believable that the person always adopts with the environment and situations like a bunch of dust. As the environment makes changes in the person, the person also makes changes in his social, physical, and psychological environment.  As the conditions change, our behaviour undergoes change and such changes in behaviour affect our environment. Thus we can say that adjustment is not a one-sided process.

3. Adjustment is self-perception: Adjustment is not a passive process of adapt to the factors affecting ourselves. It is the individual development of his ways of interpreting. It is an attempt to get consistency and organization by maintaining goal, reason and individuals peculiarities. It is a creative adjustment. An Individual’s emotional maturity develops through it and he behaves properly according to his abilities and interest.

4. Adjustment is a developmental process: In the period of human development, the person passes through various stages. With the change of age, the situation also changes. There are different problems in different stages of life. As the individual’s adjustment and priorities of adjustment also changes in childhood, the child has to make adjustments with parents, elders and siblings. In their later childhood, he goes to despite and has to adjust with teachers and other factors of the school world. After the competition of education, he joins some profession and has to establish proper relations with professional persons. When the married life begins, the need arises to adjust with life partners and other factors. I

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD ADJUSTIVE PERSON:

Even though it is tremendously tough to conclude an acceptable criteria across the globe for adjustment as a concept of adjustment varies from nation to nation and personality to personality depending upon social-cultural circumstances but, in recent years psychologists have evolved certain criteria to evaluate the pertinence of adjustment of an individual in his environment. The characteristics of satisfactory adjustment are:

I.    Self awareness: Satisfactorily adjusted person is well conscious of his predominance and boundaries. He is mindful of his basic capabilities. He is acquainted with his achievement and failures. As a result, he makes obligatory changes in himself according to the need.

II.     Self-Sufficiency: Such individuals primarily succumb upon him rather than others. He is self-dependent and not a sponger. He recognizes what he is capable of undertaking, as a result he takes initiative instead of waiting for others and attempts to achieve goal.

III.    Self-confidence: The self-confidence of an individual achieves flourishing adjustment. Self-confident the person is not frightened of any kind or he is not mystified. He gets on in the direction of his goals without becoming the hunt for inferiority. Self-confidence is not ego. Ego is perfunctory while self-confidence is hard and deep. Elders, family members, peer groups and teachers should try to develop self-confidence in a child from childhood.

IV.    Acceptance: Well adjusted persons should admit his and others personality. He endures his and others blunders and limitations with a smiling face. He appreciates the significance of affection.

V.      Sense of security and responsibility: The well-adjusted individual has a sense of security and responsibility after every type of behaviour. Such folks do not run away from the amenability assigned to him. He upholds amenabilities consciously carry it out. He is the spy of the Meaningfulness of whatever he does. He is attentive of his own actions and others activities.

VI.      Goal directedness: Satisfactorily adjusted being has a full intellect of instate his goal, he can attain it. The person who is inclinable towards his goal can make attempts to accomplish a goal in the right way. Goal directedness is a predictable condition of making progressive academic field achievement, installing good interpersonal relations, achieving success in marital life, resolving conflicts or mounting frustration tolerance.

VII.    Balance in all tenses: Satisfactory adjustment anticipated balance from person in past, present and future. One should take advantage of successful experience of past and uses that experiences in present for upcoming bright future.

VIII.   Physical Health: An individual should be free from physical illness like fever, nuisance, sores, digestive disorders and destruction of hunger for satisfied adjustment. These indications in an individual have sometimes psychological origin and many damages his physical competence.

IX.      Psychological comfort: Well adjusted people do not have any psychological disorders such as depression, stress, obsession, coercion and nervousness. These psychological disorders if happened exceptionally causes one to look for specialized opinions.

X.         Social Acceptance: It is the desire of everyone that he would be accepted by other peoples. If a person obeys societal norms, beliefs and values we may call him well/highly adjusted but if he satisfies his needs in an unethical and antisocial way then he is called mal-adjusted.

XI.     Flexibility in Behaviour: Flexibility in behaviour is shown by well adjusted individual. He adjusts himself in varying conditions by making changes in his behaviour.

Sometime we often heard proclamations that “somebody doesn’t adjust to circumstance” or “somebody faces a crisis in adjustment”. So often, a question arising to mind, what is an adjustment and how the adjustment affects life? Adjustment is an essential characteristic required to live peacefully on this planet. In other words, we can say that adjustment is the procedure of arriving at an equitable state among the need of individual and their satisfaction. School and home play a crucial role in the adjustment of an individual.

Originally the concept of Adjustment was taken from biology and the concept of adjustment was a cornerstone in Darwin’s theory of evolution. But in biology the term usually employed was adaptation. According to biologists, only that organism can survive who adopts in the hazards of the physical world. Richard S . Lazarus narrates that the concept of adaption has been borrowed by the psychologist and renamed as adjustment.

Encyclopedia Britannica (1768, Vol. I) according to the psychological point defined it as a behavioural procedure by which an individual sustains equilibrium between different requirements that he meets at the current time and the obstacles between them. Each and every situation of life insists that the concerned person should perform effectively according to guiding principles and should be able to strike a steadiness among diverse forces. Adjustment is the process in which one builds variations in the behaviour to attain solidarity with oneself, others or the environment with an objective to maintain the state of moderation between the sole and the environment.

The vocabulary elucidation of "adjustment" is to influence proper, to adjust, mastermind, adjust, blend or make a journalist. In this way change between two things implies enhance either of them to compare to each other. For example: driving of garment as indicated by the atmosphere. As we can't change the atmosphere so we need to adjust our fabrics. Oxford Dictionary expressed the significance of change as to orchestrate, to put all together, to blend disparities or to adjust to standard or reason. Similarly, Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary likewise expressed that the change is the procedure to accomplish mental or behaviorally adjust between one's own particular needs and requests of different accordingly the individual place himself into a tasteful state. These undertones of term modification educate us regarding the mental and sociological ramifications of change.

This leads to explore the dealings of the person with the external world. If the affinity among the person and his/ her surroundings is in harmony with the standards then the adjustment is achieved. Then the behaviour of the concerned person would be considered normal. Overall deviation from the norms demands clinical examinations and interventions. These deviations are known as maladjustment. And if deviations are more severe then it leads individuals towards abnormal behaviour. Adjustment problem starts right from disequilibrium between needs and outcomes and continues if not resolved till tomb i.e. death. Home, School, college, University and administrative centres are the places where we need to give up little of our demands and accept what is present. Education plays a dominant role in the process of acquiring purposeful adjustment. The major objective of education is to prepare children to cope effectively with their life’s social, economic and personal problems. 

Kashmir is the most beautiful place on earth often known as paradise on earth. “If there is paradise on earth it is here, it is here” Mughal emperor Jahangir said it all when he visited Kashmir in the 17^th century.

According to folk etymology, “Kashmir” means “desiccated land”. In Sanskrit ka means “water” and “Shimeera” means “desiccate”.

Amid the rule of Asoka (304 to 232 BC) Kashmir geographical area turned into a region of the Mauryan Empire and Buddhism was presented in Kashmir. All through this sum, a few stupas, a few altars devoted to Shiva and thusly the town of Srinagar was outlined. Ashoka was the prime establishing father of Srinagar town by and by that will be that the mid-year capital of Jammu and Kashmir. Kanishka the Indo-Scythian leader of higher Asian countries around forty A.D. when Romans were oppression United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Buddhism were beginning to unfurl to China. Buddhism was at its top for the duration of the period of Kanishka. After the passage of time, many rulers like Turkish, Afghans and Mughals entered Kashmir in the era of Sikh rule.  Sikh empire defeated Afghans under Maharaja Ranjit Singh and ruled over Kashmir in 1819. After Ranjit Singh, Gulab Singh a friend of Ranjit Singh becomes the virtual master of Kashmir valley. Gulab Singh was given Kashmir by the British. He paid 75 lakh rupees to Britishers to buy this territory of Kashmir.

After autonomy, the leader of Kashmir was Maharaja Hari Singh. He needed to remain unbiased. He needed to join neither India nor Pakistan. He was a relative of Dogras. He needed Kashmir to be Switzerland of Asia.

In India original population of Kashmir the most attractive place on the globe has suffered and has been suffering from this woe of migration. The original residents of Kashmir are known as Kashmiri residents. The narration of Kashmiri residents is very old and radical. The history of Kashmiri residents is as old as Kashmir and is lasting for more than 11 thousand years. Buddhism was adopted by many people during the empire of Abhimanyu during that period Kashmiri residents face their first struggle for their existence. The Kashmiri residents attained and enjoyed their ascendancy throughout the sovereignty of Nara -1 with the appearance of modern Hinduism, the clash between Buddhism and Brahmanism come to end

Amid the organization of Lohara tradition, Kashmir connects with the untouchable incursions who continually irrupted Kashmir when Mahmood Ghazni attached Punjab, a large portion of the ethnic gatherings on the frontiers of Kashmir grasped the religion of outcasts. Around then Kashmir valley was managed by Sangram Raja (AD 1003-1028). Indeed, even after their adjustment to a religion of untouchables, these individuals manage to visit Kashmir as representatives, explorers and even teachers. Harsha (AD 1089-1101) was a man of extravagant praxis and a disorder of contraries. He scoured the sanctuary belonging and condensed Idols of gold and silver to hold over his money-related. Harsha likewise connected with Generals of other religions in his organization, which was known as Turushkas by Kahana without precedent for the record of Kashmir. Presently pariahs show up as a class in the Political field and started to join their underlying foundations. The Damaras, Lavanya and other ethnic gatherings never embraced the Kashmiri occupants to oversee. In the rule of Jassaka (AD 1180-1198) two tenants Kshuksa and Bhima tried to keep the position of authority. Be that as it may, it was the fear of Damaras or medieval rulers that restricted them. Ramadeva (A.D. 1252-1273) was embarrassed to those Residents who helped him in his royal celebrations. They plan against him yet couldn't succeed. Numerous Residents were executed and others pulverized savagely. This was the principal coordinate wounding against them in the journal of Kashmir. To spare themselves they cried "Na Batoham" (I am not a Bhatta Means Kashmiri). The Kashmir Residents are presently even provoked as Dalli Bhattas.

To contradict the prevalence of Residents the leaders of Kashmir empowered the attack of Muslims into the valley. Accordingly, such huge numbers of Muslim swashbucklers like Bulbul Shah, Shah Mir, and Swat went to Kashmir and wound up captivated to the delightful place lastly Kashmir turned into the casualty of The religion of outsiders aggressors which prompted the appearance of Muslim lead in Kashmir in 1339 AD. Since 1339 the amazing Kashmiri occupants endured seven cataclysmic movements up until this point. A concise portrayal of every one of the seven movements are as under:

FIRST MIGRATION:

In AD 1339, in the wake of tossing down Kota Rain by an underhanded strategy and perpetrating her demise, Shah Mir entrained the Kashmir's fellowship under Sultan Shamas-Ud-Din (known as the light of Religion of untouchables). With the establishment of the new organization Muslim evangelists, coaches, Sayyids and religious austerity entered Kashmir. They continued in the Valley under the great palace and begin advancing lectures of the Religion of pariahs. This not surprisingly starts shred in the middle of the Residents and therefore cachectic resistance amid the rule of Shihab-ad-Din (1354-1373). All the fanes in Srinagar including the one at Bijbehara were obliterated to threaten the denied Kashmir Residents. The occupants of Kashmir started to feel disengaged and distanced in their own particular territory. To join they administer, Sultans standardized the "strategy of the end" or we can state that "approach of slaughter" to dispense with all hints of Kashmiri culture, qualities and Kashmiri people groups in any shape. Be that as it may, the Kashmiri occupants wedged to their religions and conventions disregarding the disorder, Gothicism and savageries of the fortunate decision class. Be that as it may, there were numerous from different positions that either by confirmation or with a specific end goal to increase magnificent support grasped the Religion of untouchables. These new changes over were looked down on by the Kashmiri inhabitants as tricky and treacherous, with no dedication for time regarded values. This offered to ascend to another class of ill will. Suha Bhat, who subsequent to grasping the Religion of outcasts took the name of Saif-ad-Din, turned into the leader of the new changes over amid the rule of Sikandar (AD 1389-1413). Suha Bhatt the changeover, was resolved Prime Minister by Sikandar and both incubated a harmful trick to mistreat the Residents of Kashmir and actualize upon the Nizam-I-Mustafa. Jonaraja says, "The Sultan overlooked his royal obligations and took delight day and night in breaking pictures. There was no city, no town, no town where Sultan left the sanctuaries of Gods continuous "Sikandar met out most extreme oppression to the Residents of Kashmir, it was told in the valley that if a unique occupant doesn't receive the religion and estimations of pariahs, they should withdraw the domain or be slaughtered. As one result, a portion of the occupants of Kashmir fled away, some acknowledged the Religion of pariahs and numerous inhabitants assented to be murdered and gave their lives. All the religious materials of occupants of Kashmir was gathered and tossed into Dal Lake and was jumbling underneath stones and earth." Sikandar the colossal Monarch requested that no man would put the tilak check on his temple and no ladies be approved to execute Sati.

In the expressions of W.R Lawrence, the Aryan Saraswat Residents of Kashmir were given three decisions – demise, transformation or ostracisation. A mammoth no. of the Saraswat inhabitants additionally went into banishes causing the primary disastrous mass departure of the group. At the point when Suha Bhat – the change overcame to realize that numerous Brahmins were leaving Kashmir, he endeavoured to check their mass flight and requested the wilderness watches not to enable anybody to cross the limits. The awful Residents discovered while crossing the fringes were granted severe discipline. Indeed, even it was required for the change over occupants of Kashmir to repay Jazia as they should covertly stick to their old convictions. Sikandar/the Butshikan as well as Soha Bhat who was discovered blameworthy for their remorseless deeds towards the first Kashmir inhabitants.

SECOND MIGRATION :

The second migration happened amid the tyrant organization of Ali Shah. Ali Shah the dictator (AD 1413-1430) child of Sikandar-the Butshikan amid the short control of 6 years carried on his dad's 24 years of czar sway with murders, changes, absolutism and implemented Jazia. Soha Bhat-the changeover, who held the Prime Ministership, preceded with his past wrongdoings and monstrosities against the Kashmiri inhabitants. Jona Raja gives a realistic record of the situation of the distinguished Kashmiri inhabitants in the draconian rule of Ali Shah. He stated, "Soha Bhat-the change overpass the breaking point by exacting fine, Jazia on the twice-conceived". This underhandedness disapproved of man restricted services and belonging on the new moon. He ended up jealous that the Residents who had turned out to be dauntless would keep up their station by heading toward remote nations, he, along these lines, requested posting of squads on the streets not to enable the section to anybody without a travel permit. At that point as the angler torments angle, so this low conceived tormented the twice-conceived in this nation.

The unbelievable unique inhabitants of Kashmir consumed themselves in the outrageous fire through dread of transformation. Some unique occupants executed themselves by taking poisons, some by hanging themselves and others by diving themselves. The sacred place where there is Kashmir was polluted by diSDain and even the ruler's top picks couldn't keep themselves from submitting implosion. A huge number of praised inhabitants who prided in their rank fled from the nation through a bye-street as the principal streets were shut. Indeed, even as men withdraw from this world, so did the Aryans, Saraswat inhabitants of Kashmir escape to remote countries? The hard countries to which they pass the sparse sustenance, medical problems and states of hellfire amid their life expelled from their brains the dread of damnation. In the wake of confronting different catastrophes, for example, the experience with adversaries, the dread of wild creatures, emended warmth and the lack of nourishment, a considerable lot of them passed on in transit and hence got salvation. This was the second hopeless mass of the Kashmiri occupants. Jonaraja calls it "Chandh-Dhandhh" forceful, horrendous and tremendous discipline for the faultless and discouraged occupants of Kashmir.

Later in 1420 AD, Sultan Zainul Abidin-the Budshah ruled Kashmir, who was the child of Sultan Sikandar-the Butshikan, took after the strategy of tolerance towards the Kashmiri inhabitants. He recalled those who had left the valley earlier and abolished Jazia. He also gave them prior positions in administration and also rebuilt temples and the religious tabernacle for residents of Kashmir. But after him, his imprudent son Haidar Shah in 1470 AD once again made Kashmiri residents suffer. He has unkind and inhuman handling towards Kashmiri Saraswat residents. Many of the Kashmiri residents made them drown in the river Visita. Arms and noses of many were cut off; even the same was done to king’s servants. Some of them gave their caste and screamed- “I am not a Bhatta, I am not a Bhatta” (I am not a Saraswat resident).

THIRD MIGRATION :

Third migration occurred during 1477-1496 AD when propagator of Shia sect Mir Shames-ud-Din Iraqi visited the valley and forced the miserable Residents of Kashmir and Sunni Muslims violently to get converted to Shia sect. His main goal was the pressurized declaration of his commitment. In this way, not happy with tranquil lecturing, severe techniques were embraced amid his control; Iraqi was helped by the coldblooded oppressor Malik Mussa Raina, who was otherwise called Soma Chandra. The small powerless Residents, as well as the Sunni Muslims were additionally mightily made changes over to Shia order by peaceful procedures. This inflexible devotion even injured the Sunni leader of Kashmir, Fateh Shah. A khanqah was worked at Zadibal by Iraqi, which later ended up celebrated Hindu centre of Shiva fixation.

Kashmiri inhabitants endured savagely under the direction of Shams-promotion Din Iraqi and Musa Raina. Around 24000 of them were coercively changed over to Shia group by Religion of outcasts. Iraqi had even issued orders that consistently around 1500 to 2000 Residents be conveyed to his doorsteps, expel their consecrated strings, oversee Kalima to them, circumcise them and influence them to eat the hamburger. These declarations were fiercely and mercilessly completed. The Residents of Kashmir religious sacred writings from the seventh century AD onwards and around 18 heavenly sanctuaries were pulverized, property appropriated and women mishandled. A huge number of Residents murdered themselves to this stunning brutality and thousands moved to different spots, bringing about their third mass departure from the saffron valley of Kashmir. The individuals who remained behind were compelled to pay Jazia, as well as their noses and ears were slashed off. To get away from the enormous torment and misery, they cried, "I am not a Hindu".

FOURTH MIGRATION :

Qazi Chak the originator of Chak proclaims in Kashmir (1552-1586 AD), affirmed on vicious religious strategy and made the transformation of a ton of Residents of Kashmir to Shia organization of Religion of pariahs. As per Suka, one thousand cows were butchered each day with no richness of the Residents. These prestigious and exceedingly instructed Aryan Saraswat Residents were made the objects of diversion and reprimand. They were publically provoked, abused and humiliated. The last Chak pioneer, Yaqub Chak, had an opinionated excitement for the transformation of Shia organization and indented mass change of the Residents of Kashmir. Be that as it may, he couldn't oversee his shameless plans on account of Mughal intrusion.

The respectability of Mughal ruler Akbar lies in the heavenly and interesting strategy of religious resilience. Jahangir and Shah Jahan were not all that tolerant. Be that as it may, their excitement can't be named as the enthusiast. Amid this period, the Residents could play out their religious services in the wake of paying some tribute. Be that as it may, the entire situation changed with the promotion of Aurangzeb to the royal position. With his biased fan and narrow-minded approach, the Kashmiri occupants were by and by made helpless. Iftikhar Khan, the Mughal legislative leader of Kashmir amid the rule of Aurangzeb, ruthlessly tyrannized over the Residents to such a degree, to the point that they moved toward Guru Teg Bahadur, the ninth Sikh Guru at Anandpur in Punjab and requested his own mediation with the Emperor. This, at last, prompted the Guru's affliction and made Guru Gobind Singh make the Khalsa battle oppressors. Muzaffar Khan, Nassar Khan and Ibrahim Khan were different governors of Aurangzeb who savagely threatened the Kashmir inhabitants. These commended substitutes were indeed compelled to move from the place where there is their birthplace. It was the fourth tragic mass migration of the Aryan Saraswat Residents from Kashmir.

FIFTH MIGRATION :

Amid the run of later Mughals, Kashmir saw the flare-up of the most exceedingly bad sort of religious narrow-mindedness. In AD 1720, Mullah Abdul Nabi, additionally called Muhat Kahn, a non-occupant specialist, asked the Deputy Governor, Mir Ahmed Khan, begin a battle of mistreatment of the Kafirs (unbelievers) as the first Kashmiri inhabitants were called. With a specific end goal to fulfil his stannic self-image, the Mulla issued six edicts.

a.         No unique occupant should ride a steed, nor should wear a shoe.

b.         That they ought not to wear Jama (Mughal ensemble)

c.         That they should move unclad arms.

d.         That they ought not to have tilak stamp on their brows.

e.         That their kids ought not to get any training.

Be that as it may, Ahmed Khan declined to execute the fiendish declaration. The Mullah at that point energized his devotees against the first Kashmiri inhabitants. He built up his seat in a mosque, accepted the obligations of the overseer under the title of Dindhar Khan and let free the rule of fear. The inhabitants of Kashmir were devilishly tormented, their homes consumed and appropriately plundered. Several Residents were executed prostrated, mutilated and embarrassed. They started to flee in expansive numbers and stow away in the sloping territory. This was the fifth appalling mass migration of the incredible Kashmiri occupants from their spiritualist homeland. The individuals who stayed behind lived in the most unpleasant and terrible conditions created by Mullah and his group.

SIXTH MIGRATION:

6th The migration happened amid the Afghan manage in Kashmir (1753-1819 AD), which was a time of mercilessness, murder and political agitation. W.R Lawrence calls it the rule of fierce oppression. The savage Afghans utilized each wild, barbaric, crude, fierce, unfeeling and ruthless strategy to stifle the Kashmiri occupants. A pitcher loaded with ordure was put on the leader of a Pandit and stones were pelted on it, till it broke and tragically, Brahman ended up wet with rottenness. Their severity and monstrosity crossed as far as possible when inhabitants of Kashmir were tied up in grass sacks, two and two, and suffocated in the Dal Lake. The deceived Residents of Kashmir were compelled to escape the nation or were slaughtered or changed over to Religion of untouchables. There was a horrendous mass migration of the Kashmiri occupants, the 6th one; too far away places like Delhi, Allahabad and so forth. Numerous secured the long separation by walking.

Hindu guardians decimated the magnificence of their girls by shaving their heads or slicing their noses and ears to spare them from corruption. Any Muslim could hop on the back of a Pandit and take a ride.

Mir Hazar-an an Afghan senator, utilized cowhide packs rather than grass sacks for suffocating Residents. Turbans and shoes were illegal for them. The Saraswat Residents of Kashmir were likewise compelled to develop facial hair and Tilak were prohibited. The Afghans are currently associated with their barbarity, ruthlessness, fierceness, oppression and savagery. They thought no greater amount of cutting off heads than of culling a bloom. For them cutting off heads and culling a blossom is comparable.

SEVENTH MIGRATION:

The seventh relocation is additional striking and radical, with the development of Jammu and Kashmir State, and the foundation of the Dogra administer in 1846, Kashmir inhabitants were impalpably permitted to the foundation. Organization and authorities were deputed from the Jammu area. In spite of the fact that they appreciate the far-reaching religious opportunity and social liberation, the political privileges of the Kashmiri Residents were bound. On specific events, they even progressed toward becoming casualties of interest and suspicion. The awful collective powers likewise turned their glow against them. Amid the collective aggravations of July 1931, shops and houses having a place with the Kashmiri Residents were plundered as well as consumed. These guiltless Residents of Kashmir lost their lives. This correspondence in the state legislative issues irritated and amplified with the progression of time. It was encouraged for a considerable length of time with horrible collective purposeful publicity and mental conditioning.

Following autonomy and progression of Jammu and Kashmir State to India, Kashmiri occupants were pushed back to the unsophisticated Afghan period. The sugar-covered nap of venomous toxics was given to them. Article 370 of the Indian constitution simply shortened them to code and sold their people.

The legislature of Shaikh Abdulla embraced a noxious and deceptive approach towards the Saraswat Residents of Kashmir. Shaikh Abdulla attempted to build "Sheikdom" for his dynastic run in Kashmir. In any case, his imaginings were kept in 1953 for hostility to national activities. He was at freedom in 1958 however kept following three months under the Kashmir connivance case.

"India as a radical power" was marked by Shaikh Abdulla amid 1953-1974 attempting to vanquish the general population of Kashmir. He pronounced that the progression of Kashmir with India was his incomparable mistake of judgment for which history will never excuse him. He asserted the privilege of self-assurance for the natives of Muslim-commanded Kashmir yet uncared for the Jammu and Ladakh locales were overwhelmed by the Hindu and Buddhist populace. The obstructionist Shaikh upheld the plebiscite with the open flight of Indian armed force from the saffron valley. He likewise crusaded against the exchange of staple goods from India and requested that individuals eat up potatoes developed in Kashmir. Because of such contentions, Shaikh Abdullah was nicknamed "Aaloo Bab" (Feeder of Potatoes) in Kashmir. He made touching sales that after death, his body ought not to be covered in under adversary control Valley, but rather overflowed in a sacrosanct stream of The Arabian Sea. Then again, at the display, his brilliant entombment chamber remains on the store of staggering Dal Lake in Srinagar and is secured by Indian security powers.

 In 1974 entire political situation takes a sensational turn when the Indira-Sheik accord was marked and Sheik turned into the central pastor of state after the hole of 20 years. He overlooked all his against national mottos and did not focus on the desires of the basic man that was produced by him. All of a sudden he begins to talk the converse of Indian patriotism, Indian popular government, social fairness and secularism overlooking his prior powerful battle for the plebiscite. Be that as it may, it turned out to be past the point of no return, abhor India poison imbued by him in the blood of Kashmiri youth was oppressed by other hostile to national and so-called government officials.

To get revenge for the failure of Bangladesh, Pakistan deliberately backs the enmity, battling and shock crusade in the Kashmir Valley bringing about the disorder of 1889-90. The then understood legislative leader of Jammu and Kashmir Jagmohan composed a point by point letter to the head administrator of the country. Be that as it may, the Indian government and administration were as yet indifferent and the last cutting of Kashmiri Saraswat occupants starts with against country trademarks. The savage disposal of thousands of perfect Saraswat inhabitants of Kashmir caused their seventh and last unfortunate mass valediction from the Kashmir Valley. The banished group of Kashmir dwindled from 10% out of 1947 to less than 1% today. In the middle of February and March 1990, 140000 to 160000 Pundits fled from the Kashmir Valley to different parts of the nation.

EFFECT OF THE SEVENTH RELOCATION:

The effect of Kashmiri relocation effects affects the social texture of state separated from the Hazardous impact on the ousted group Kashmiri occupants.

Banished occupants left their mobile and undaunted property undefended and with no neighbourhood overseer in the suspicion of returning. The greater part of these properties stayed hazardous; a few houses are signed or plundered while some were taken by security powers for settlement and activities. Therefore places of vagrants were harmed plundered and consumed by these two differentiating components. The Jammu based association of Kashmiri savants "Panun Kashmir" contended that more than twenty-five thousand places of transients have been scorched. Since no enumeration or overview has been completed in such a manner, in this way these appraisals have no scholastic believability.

In Jammu, these transients confront serious wellbeing, injury physical, mental and mental as a portion of the camps resemble ghettos, without essential offices of drinking water, power, living space and wellbeing offices.

WILL KASHMIRI PANDITS RETURN TO THE KASHMIR VALLEY?

It is dubious, that the greater part of the Kashmiri transients who have left the valley since1990 will return Majority of these families are settled in various parts of the nation and the remaining dwell in camps. A large portion of the individuals from this ousted group are exceedingly taught landed assorted types positions in government and private division. Yet, numerous among them particularly senior citizens and original transients still need to come back to Kashmir. It is their inner want which they need to full fill amid their lifetime. While more youthful don't think so as they are occupied with various callings, occupations and distinctive financial exercises yet scars of the movement were additionally found in them.

Coppens (2004) narrated that the process of human population migration begins with the movement of Homo erectus from Africa to different parts of the world about a million years ago. Primal migrations were usually in seeking out food but were also the consequence of invasion by other people. However, the era of exploration and European colonialism resulted in hastening in the pace of migration during the 18th century and it further stimulated during the 19th and 20th centuries. About 10% of the world’s inhabitants were migrated from one place to another temporarily or permanently during these centuries. Millions of agricultural labour left their villages and moved to the cities for better socio-economic status. According to Joseph (1988), this phenomenon began in Britain and later on, spread all over the world and even, prolonging till today. In the 1950s and 1960s, people from former colonies of European powers were migrated to the prosperous and urbanized countries of the West in hunt of employment. Such as Indians, Pakistanis and West Indians migrated to the UK. The Vietnamese, Cambodians, Algerians, Tunisians, Moroccans and other Africans migrated to France (Waddington and Wheeler2003:15). In the early, The 1970s, the rapid hike in oil prices remarkably stimulated the oil-producing countries of the Middle East to invest in infrastructural development in a big way which needed the huge number of the migrant labour force.

Migration: Indian Perspective

India has a large boundary in the north which is secured by the Himalayas. Most of it is extended in the south and west coastal regions.  Almost all migrations from European nations to India were from south to west coastal regions. After the elimination of the slavery system by the Britishers in their colonies, an unparalleled wave of migration of unskilled labour from India to different parts of the world begins. Such migration was predominated to the countries of South Africa, Mauritius, Fiji, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, Guiana, etc. Mainly to do labour on the Tea Garden, Sugarcane fields and Palm plantations and in mines ( Dewal et al 2004:53; Chand 2002:2).After independence of Indian, another beckon of migration from India to Britain, Canada, the USA,  Australia and other European countries were seen. The peoples who migrated to these countries especially to USA and Australia were well cultured and belong to approximately every part of India. An international migration on a large scale from India happens in the middle of 1970 due to the oil boom in the Middle East. A vast number of these migrants were untrained or semi-skilled labours employed in manual or secretarial jobs on a bond basis. Similarly, in the mid-1980s, Indians also made their journeys towards the newly developed economies of South East Asia including Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines.

On the immigration side, historically, India has been a paradise for an extensive figure of migrants from adjoining countries like Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In accumulation to this, the country continued to be a safe place for refugees from internally disturbed countries of Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Myanmar in the post-independence period (UNHCR 2006:4). People especially nomadic labourers in large numbers, from rustic areas, moved to the metropolitan areas for better employment opportunities and living standards. This trend saw its origin in populace forceful movement and financial growth of the nation At the same time, migration in India was largely fuelled by the escalating regional disparities, rural-urban development imbalances and urban bias in economic planning as well.

The labour class in India was not a homogenous class but the workers were drawn from all parts of the country and from all sections of the society. It was, however, momentous to note that Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Kerala have been the out-migrant states since long because of higher density of population and absence of proper employment opportunities in these states. The migrants from these states were focussed on the prosper states such as Maharashtra, Gujarat and Punjab and the mammoth cities like Mumbai, New Delhi, Bangalore, Calcutta, Dehradun, Srinagar and several other such cities which had shown uneven economic growth, subsequently formed more and more jobs in all fields including industrial and non-industrial economic activities

Migration: Punjab and Jammu Kashmir Scenario

Punjab, the gateway and one of the richer states of India, has been a dream destination for a considerable number of people not only from various parts of the country but also from many other countries. In the post-1947 period, Punjab emerged as a pioneer in the green revolution in the country with the adoption of modern methods and techniques of cultivation in the agriculture sector. Consequently, the state registered the highest rank in gaining per capita income and became food basket for the whole country (Gill 1990:3). The green revolution, thus, was accompanied by a great deal of job avenues both in agriculture and industrial which gave the instant push to the internal movement of poor and landless young male labourers from various parts of India and a large proportion of them made their journeys towards Punjab. The modern agricultural methods and technologies used in Punjab generated massive demand for agricultural labour, particularly during the sowing and harvesting seasons but the local labour was unable to meet such demand. The farmers had to rely on the migratory labour from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. At the same time, migrant labourers from Jammu & Kashmir and Rajasthan were also got attracted towards Punjab for reaping better employment opportunities with good wages and less social and economic exploitation (Sidhu and Grewal 1984:2). Besides, the end of terrorism, restoration of peace, political stability and economic prosperity in Punjab multiplied the process of industrial and urban growth which also attracted the inflow of migrant labour in the state of Punjab but more significantly in Ludhiana.

Ludhiana generally termed as ‘small scale capital’ of India witnessed uneven industrial and urban growth. It has been the centre of hosiery manufacturing, cycles, machine tools, sewing machines, oil engines and a variety of consumer goods. This considerable growth created a wide range of jobs, beyond agriculture, in industrial as well as in other urban economic activities in Ludhiana which acted as a pull factor for a huge number of the labour force not only from other areas of Punjab but also from the states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Assam, Uttrakhand and some neighbouring countries including Nepal (Oberai and Manmohan Singh 1980:23; Karan 2003:104). Almost manual activities in agriculture and industries relied on migrant labourers. Besides, other occupations such as rickshaw pulling, brick making, building and road construction, roadside kiosks, etc. were also being run by these migrants. They provided all types of services with their labour as they worked in factories, produced food, provided domestic services, services in hospitals and contributed to a wide range of basic needs. They, with the passage of time, became vigilant about their political rights and role in the city. They played a decisive role during the last Assembly and Municipal Corporation elections in Ludhiana. However, certain sections of the local society believed that migrants were taking away jobs from the local labourers and were directly responsible for creating an unemployment situation.

As the topic of our research is concerned with Kashmiri migration. So to know the history of Kashmiri migration is necessary for our research. The history of Kashmiri migration is very old and drastic.