
Neonates have exceptional
perceptual abilities that shed light on the nature of perception and human
development in general. Decades of research have tracked the visual and
perceptual development of infants (e.g., Johnson, 2011; Maurer & Werker,
2014). People see colour, with a particular emphasis on the first six months
following birth. Comprehending how newborns transition from the fundamental
sensory experience of a stimulus to a perceptual representation that is
beneficial for understanding and interacting with their environment is made
possible in large part by the study of colour. Since they have been the subject
of significant multidisciplinary research, the neurobiology, sensory
mechanisms, and perceptual processes involved in adult colour vision and
perception are well characterized (e.g., Conway et al., 2010). Colour is a
fundamental component of visual perception; it serves as a cue for a variety of
cognitive processes, including communication, perception of objects,
situations, and people, and aesthetics (e.g., Elliot et al., 2015).
Additionally, as an experimental stimulus, colour may be carefully measured and
manipulated.
Infants' perceptions of the world
are evaluated through their senses and behaviours (Houde, 2006), and as they
mature, this evaluation takes on greater significance. This development is
influenced by the physical maturity of the infant's sensory organs and the neurological system as well as by the experiences they have in their
environment. Infants experience a variety of images, sounds, textures, odours,
and tastes, and as a result, they learn a lot about people and objects. As
these experiences accumulate in their memories, the perceptions of the infants
gradually develop (Morris, 2002a). In their study on the movement perception of
three-month-old infants, Sommerville et al. (2005) discovered that when infants
face an object, they immediately form action goal-oriented representations.
They also found that there is a significant positive correlation between
infants' goal-oriented actions and their observations of other people's
goal-oriented action experiences.
In their study, Bhatt and Waters
(1998) found that young children can recognise three-dimensional forms. Infants
are known to respond differently to novel stimuli, but when the push
becomes persistent, they acquire accustomed to it and become sensitive to even
small changes. This demonstrates how early identification and preference of
many senses occur. The ability of an infant's sense organs to work from birth
promotes learning in later stages. The senses play a crucial role in learning
(Stalk, 1993). Infants may shift their multifunctional coding of object
representations to a scenario when necessary, according to Schweinle and
Wilcox's (2004) research.
The perception, which plays a
significant role in human existence, begins during pregnancy and is actively
continued during infancy and youth. Children attempt to comprehend their
surroundings beginning at birth by employing their senses of sight, hearing,
taste, smell, and touch (D├╢nmez et al. 2000). The senses begin to work at
birth, even if they are not fully formed. Consequently, it is considered that
they progressively begin working before birth (Gander and Gardiner, 2010). One
of the most crucial factors in preparing a child for life is the perception
process, which begins with birth. The most important time in this process is infancy.
FACTORS AFFECTING PERCEPTION:
Perception is the process of
giving meaning to the senses after organising them in different ways. Just as
different people might perceive stimuli in various ways, one individual can
also interpret the same stimulus differently from a different perspective (MEB,
2004). Investigations into the internal and environmental elements that
influence different perception types may be divided into these two groups.
Internal Factors: Either
physiologic or psychological variables inside the body affect perception.
Emotions, needs, mental attitudes, preparedness, and inculcations are some of
these elements. Perceptions are influenced by emotions, therefore when someone
is liked; other people tend to exaggerate their favourable traits. Hunger makes
food seem more appetizing to someone, therefore needs have an impact on
perception. Things that are in accordance with the accepted notions are easily
perceived, whereas things that are not adopted are overlooked. Mental attitudes
have an impact on perceptions. When someone's photo is revealed and they are
informed that they are a criminal, they will be seen as such since they are
ready to do so. Psychological illusions are caused by emotional states like
fear, rage, and worry, which can alter perception. Perception is impacted by
hypnosis and indoctrination. Ambiguous forms can be assessed and understood in
light of inculcations (MEB, 2004).
External Factors: Perceptions are
influenced by extrinsic physiological or social variables. Perception depends
on both the environment in which the item or event is present and the
environment in which the perceiver is present. A black background makes the
same shade of grey appear lighter while a white background makes it appear
darker. In colder air than in warmer air, a glass of cold water is viewed
differently (MEB, 2004). The abundance of stimuli and perception development are
closely related. The growth of perception and development may be positively
impacted by interaction, communication, experimentation, and the power of
discriminating (Aral, 2011). According to many perspectives, external factors
are made up of the characteristics of things and existences as well as the
nature of their effects on us.
Hence, we can conclude it, the
research on newborn colour perception as a whole suggests that during the first
six months after birth, visual and perceptual development happens incredibly
quickly. As infants, babies can hardly sense colour, but by the age of six
months, they begin to perceptually organize, categorise, and maintain colour
perception, and their sensitivity to colour corresponds to statistical
regularities of natural settings.
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