Dr Manju Antil (Counselling Psychologist and Psychotherapist)

According to the demographer’s basic type of migration involves:

Intercontinental migration

Intra continental

Interregional

Intercontinental migration occurs in between continents, intracontinental migration happened in between the nations of a particular continent, while interregional migration occurred within the boundaries of a nation, for that reason, it is sometimes also known as internal migration while intercontinental and intracontinental mutually referred to as international migration. Migration takes place in different forms and it depends upon the flow of people, the number of persons involved, and the reason for their demeanour. Therefore there are many other kinds of migration and the following are the different types of migration.

Rural-Urban migration:  

Rural-Urban Migration annexed the demeanour of the populace from agrestic areas of the nation to ophidian areas of a similar nation to seek out fresh opportunities and lifestyles.  Rural-Urban migration is involved in the formation and conversion of towns into cities as more people inaugurate living and working in central areas. It is the projection of The United Nations that at the end of 2008 half of the total population of the world would reside in urban areas. There is another prediction that nearby 2050, about 64% population of the developing world and 86% population of the developed world will be urbanized.   This is equal to just about three billion urbanised population by 2050, a large amount of urbanisation will occur in nations of Africa and Asia. 

Forced or involuntary Migration: 

Forced migration is often known as involuntary migration or population transfer. The forced migration consists of selected attempts to reallocate from the home town to some new place under the influence of coercive supremacy that endangers the existence. This happens after the administration and the system of that collocation slam individuals to migrate for a motive. The main causes of forced migration are natural disaster, development projects, environmental exertion, fleeing discrimination, human trafficking, slavery, combat/civil war/political war and religious conflicts.  In forced migration, the migrants are forced to leave all the wealth and properties behind and are to reallocate to the new place empty-handed. The people afflict from such migration get sombre scars on their psyche which interrupt their well-being and result in a variety of psychological and adjustment problems. In the new place, they are under multifaceted stress such as assimilation, acculturation and arrangement of income empty-handed and sometimes they are being subjugated for these conditions which further accumulate and deepen the scars on their psyche. These scars not only influence the sufferers but also are transmitted to the coming generations.

Impelled Migration: 

Popularly impelled migration is also known as reluctant or imposed migration. In such a type of migration, no one is coercively forced to migrate. Some push factors such as confrontation, starvation, education and job facilities etc. Attract the people and they decide to leave their native place. In other words, we can say that it is the type of voluntary migration; people move, but willingly in order to raise their living standards. 

Seasonal Migration: 

Shifting of peoples throughout particular time periods such as crop harvesting time, during vigorous climatic conditions to work and then return back to their native land refers to seasonal migration. Nomads of the mountainous regions often involved in such types of migration. For example, Gujjar and Bakarwal communities in Jammu and Kashmir frequently faced seasonal migration.  The main objective of seasonal periodic migration is to shift people to the site of provisional work and residence for several days or months. This type of migration takes place in consecutive time intervals.

Return Migration: 

Return migration involves the planned return of migrants to their native land after resolving conflicts that are responsible for their migration. Many times adolescents move towards cities in search of jobs, but at the time when they got the job in their home town, they returned back to their family and home town. Another example of return migration is seen at border areas wherein a state of war or conspiracy people start migrating to safer places. As the situation is under control people begins to come back. 

Long and short term migration: 

 A short term migration is that in which an individual moves to a country for a time of no less than three months however not as much as a year. Despite what might be expected in long-haul relocation an individual moves to a nation other than his standard living arrangement for a day and age of no less than a year. Long and here and now relocation relies upon conditions in charge of the movement.

Internal migration: Internal migration is the process of human migration within the geographical area to whom we call a nation. Different motives are responsible for internal migration prominently include travel for education, better economic opportunities, cultural diversity and oppression. Political reasons did not have any involvement in internal migration. In other words, we can say that it is simply the change of dwelling within nationalized boundaries such as in-between states, provinces and cities.

Step migration:

Sometimes a string of mini and less rigorous migrations from an individuals starting point to the last goal occurs. For example when a person starts moving from his farm to a village, from village to a town and finally from town to a city. Such a type of migration is regarded as step migration.

Circular migration: 

Circular migration is frequently seen as the win-win-win proposal, providing profits to nations of both origin and destination, as well as to the migrants themselves. In particular nations, it can detract labour needs and increase economic output. In nations of origin, it can bestow unemployment assistance and both financial capital, as well as mitigate populace loss due to emigration. The migrant individuals also benefitted via increased income, greater work experience and the development of their human capital.