What is perception in infants? What is infant perceptual development?Psychology Notes| Ugc Net Psychology notes 2023| Dr Manju Antil| Wellnessnetic Care| ~ Dr Manju Antil (Counselling Psychologist and Psychotherapist)

Neonates have exceptional perceptual abilities that shed light on the nature of perception and human development in general. Decades of research have tracked the visual and perceptual development of infants (e.g., Johnson, 2011; Maurer & Werker, 2014). People see colour, with a particular emphasis on the first six months following birth. Comprehending how newborns transition from the fundamental sensory experience of a stimulus to a perceptual representation that is beneficial for understanding and interacting with their environment is made possible in large part by the study of colour. Since they have been the subject of significant multidisciplinary research, the neurobiology, sensory mechanisms, and perceptual processes involved in adult colour vision and perception are well characterized (e.g., Conway et al., 2010). Colour is a fundamental component of visual perception; it serves as a cue for a variety of cognitive processes, including communication, perception of objects, situations, and people, and aesthetics (e.g., Elliot et al., 2015). Additionally, as an experimental stimulus, colour may be carefully measured and manipulated.

Infants' perceptions of the world are evaluated through their senses and behaviours (Houde, 2006), and as they mature, this evaluation takes on greater significance. This development is influenced by the physical maturity of the infant's sensory organs and the neurological system as well as by the experiences they have in their environment. Infants experience a variety of images, sounds, textures, odours, and tastes, and as a result, they learn a lot about people and objects. As these experiences accumulate in their memories, the perceptions of the infants gradually develop (Morris, 2002a). In their study on the movement perception of three-month-old infants, Sommerville et al. (2005) discovered that when infants face an object, they immediately form action goal-oriented representations. They also found that there is a significant positive correlation between infants' goal-oriented actions and their observations of other people's goal-oriented action experiences.

In their study, Bhatt and Waters (1998) found that young children can recognise three-dimensional forms. Infants are known to respond differently to novel stimuli, but when the push becomes persistent, they acquire accustomed to it and become sensitive to even small changes. This demonstrates how early identification and preference of many senses occur. The ability of an infant's sense organs to work from birth promotes learning in later stages. The senses play a crucial role in learning (Stalk, 1993). Infants may shift their multifunctional coding of object representations to a scenario when necessary, according to Schweinle and Wilcox's (2004) research.

The perception, which plays a significant role in human existence, begins during pregnancy and is actively continued during infancy and youth. Children attempt to comprehend their surroundings beginning at birth by employing their senses of sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch (Dönmez et al. 2000). The senses begin to work at birth, even if they are not fully formed. Consequently, it is considered that they progressively begin working before birth (Gander and Gardiner, 2010). One of the most crucial factors in preparing a child for life is the perception process, which begins with birth. The most important time in this process is infancy.

FACTORS AFFECTING PERCEPTION:

Perception is the process of giving meaning to the senses after organising them in different ways. Just as different people might perceive stimuli in various ways, one individual can also interpret the same stimulus differently from a different perspective (MEB, 2004). Investigations into the internal and environmental elements that influence different perception types may be divided into these two groups.

Internal Factors: Either physiologic or psychological variables inside the body affect perception. Emotions, needs, mental attitudes, preparedness, and inculcations are some of these elements. Perceptions are influenced by emotions, therefore when someone is liked; other people tend to exaggerate their favourable traits. Hunger makes food seem more appetizing to someone, therefore needs have an impact on perception. Things that are in accordance with the accepted notions are easily perceived, whereas things that are not adopted are overlooked. Mental attitudes have an impact on perceptions. When someone's photo is revealed and they are informed that they are a criminal, they will be seen as such since they are ready to do so. Psychological illusions are caused by emotional states like fear, rage, and worry, which can alter perception. Perception is impacted by hypnosis and indoctrination. Ambiguous forms can be assessed and understood in light of inculcations (MEB, 2004).

External Factors: Perceptions are influenced by extrinsic physiological or social variables. Perception depends on both the environment in which the item or event is present and the environment in which the perceiver is present. A black background makes the same shade of grey appear lighter while a white background makes it appear darker. In colder air than in warmer air, a glass of cold water is viewed differently (MEB, 2004). The abundance of stimuli and perception development are closely related. The growth of perception and development may be positively impacted by interaction, communication, experimentation, and the power of discriminating (Aral, 2011). According to many perspectives, external factors are made up of the characteristics of things and existences as well as the nature of their effects on us.

Hence, we can conclude it, the research on newborn colour perception as a whole suggests that during the first six months after birth, visual and perceptual development happens incredibly quickly. As infants, babies can hardly sense colour, but by the age of six months, they begin to perceptually organize, categorise, and maintain colour perception, and their sensitivity to colour corresponds to statistical regularities of natural settings.

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