Dr Manju Antil (Counselling Psychologist and Psychotherapist)

Meaning of Social Control

Social control refers to the mechanisms and processes that regulate individual and group behavior to maintain order and stability in society. It ensures conformity to established norms, values, and laws, preventing deviance and promoting social cohesion. Social control can be formal (laws, regulations) or informal (customs, traditions, social pressure).

Role of Norms, Folkways, Customs, Morals, Religion, and Law in Social Control

1. Norms

• Norms are unwritten rules that define acceptable behavior in society.
• They guide social interactions, helping people understand what is appropriate in different situations.
• Violating norms may result in social disapproval, isolation, or punishment.

2. Folkways

• Folkways are everyday customs and practices that regulate routine behavior (e.g., dress codes, greetings, table manners).
• They are less rigid than laws but still influence behavior through social expectations.
• Deviating from folkways may result in mild disapproval but not severe punishment.

3. Customs

• Customs are long-established social practices that shape traditions and cultural identity.
• They provide continuity in social life and influence major life events like marriage, festivals, and rituals.
• Customs may evolve over time but remain influential in maintaining social harmony.

4. Morals

• Morals are ethical principles that define right and wrong behavior.
• They are deeply rooted in cultural, religious, and philosophical beliefs.
• Moral violations often lead to guilt, shame, or social condemnation.

5. Religion

• Religion plays a significant role in social control by prescribing moral codes and ethical behavior.
• Religious teachings promote values like honesty, compassion, and discipline.
• Fear of divine punishment or the desire for spiritual rewards can influence behavior.

6. Law

• Laws are formal rules enacted by governments to regulate behavior and ensure justice.
• They provide clear guidelines on acceptable and unacceptable actions.
• Legal systems impose punishments (fines, imprisonment) for law violations, acting as a deterrent.

7. Other Means of Social Control

• Education: Schools instill discipline, social norms, and values in individuals from a young age.
• Public Opinion: Media, social networks, and community influence shape people's behavior.
• Economic Control: Financial rewards and penalties (e.g., taxation, subsidies) encourage or discourage certain behaviors.

Social Deviance and Disease

1. Social Deviance

Social deviance refers to behaviors that violate societal norms and expectations. It can be:

• Positive Deviance: Actions that challenge norms for social good (e.g., civil rights activism).
• Negative Deviance: Behaviors that harm individuals or society (e.g., crime, substance abuse).
• Deviance is relative—what is considered deviant in one culture may be acceptable in another.

2. Disease and Deviance

• Certain diseases, especially mental illnesses, have historically been stigmatized, leading to social exclusion.
• Conditions like addiction or sexually transmitted diseases are sometimes viewed as moral failings rather than health issues.
• Public health policies aim to reduce stigma and promote a scientific understanding of diseases.

Conclusion

Social control is essential for maintaining order, guiding behavior, and ensuring societal stability. Norms, customs, laws, and religion all play a role in regulating human actions. Understanding social deviance and its connection to disease can help in creating inclusive policies and reducing stigma, leading to a healthier and more equitable society.