The terminology used in psychology that is defined in the following article will undoubtedly aid in understanding various psychological concepts. Psychology is a fascinating field of study that sheds fresh light on the human mind. Psychology is the systematic study of a variety of phenomena, including motivation, emotion, personality, behaviour, perception, cognition, and attention.
2. absolute threshold: the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 per cent of the time
3. accommodation: adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
4. achievement tests: tests designed to assess a person's learning.
5. accommodation: act or state of adjustment or adaptation, changes in the shape of the ocular lens for various focal distances
6. acoustic encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
7. acquisition: in classical conditioning, the initial stage, is when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
8. action potential: a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.
9. active listening: empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centred therapy
10. adaptation-level phenomenon: our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
11. addiction: compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences
12. adolescence: the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
13. adrenal glands: a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.
14. aggression: any physical/verbal behaviour intended to hurt or destroy
15. aggression: physical or verbal behaviour intended to hurt someone
16. algorithm: a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees to solve a particular problem. contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone-use of heuristics
17. Alpha waves: the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
18. altruism: unselfish regard for the welfare of others
19. amnesia: the loss of memory
20. amphetamines: drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
21. amygdala: two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.
22. anorexia nervosa: an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
23. antianxiety drugs: drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
24. antidepressant drugs: drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters
25. antipsychotic drugs: drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
26. Antisocial Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
27. Anxiety Disorders: Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviours that reduce stress.
28. aphasia: impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).
29. applied research: a scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
30. aptitude tests: tests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
31. assimilation: interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
32. association areas: areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.
33. associative learning: learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
34. attachment: an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
35. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
36. attitude: feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
37. attribution theory: theory that we explain someone's behaviour by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
38. audition: the sense or act of hearing
39. autism: a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of minds
40. automatic processing: unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space-time, and frequency, and of well-earned information, such as word meanings.
41. autonomic nervous system: the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
42. availability heuristic: estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
43. aversive conditioning: a type of counterconditioning that associates unpleasant states (such as nausea) with an unwanted behaviour (such as drinking)
44. axon: the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fivers through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands.
45. babbling stage: beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language 46. barbiturates: drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
47. basal metabolic rate: the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
48. basic research: pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
49. basic trust: according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; is said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
50. behaviour genetics: the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behaviour.
51. behaviour therapy: therapy that applies to learn principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviours
52. behavioural medicine: an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioural and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
53. behavioural psychology: the scientific study of observable behaviour, and its explanation by principles of learning.
54. behaviourism: the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behaviour without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists agree with (1) but not with (2).
55. behaviourism: the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behaviour without reference to mental processes. most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2)
56. belief perseverance: clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
57. binge-eating disorder: significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
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